INDUSTRY INSIGHTS YOUR PEERS ARE READING
A recently launched company helps consumers find lawyers based on their win rates for particular types of cases. Called Justice Toolbox, the startup uses data mined from official state court records to compute and display how many cases a lawyer has won and lost and the lawyer’s approximate win rate. The post Justice Toolbox Lets People Pick Lawyers Based On Win Rates appeared first on Robert Ambrogi's LawSites. MORE
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MPAA members tell a judge that "PG," "PG-13" and other ratings don't represent seals of approval. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Movies Culture Business THR Online MORE
The lawyer-rating service Super Lawyers today won a U.S. patent on its system for rating excellence within the legal profession. The patent, which is number 8,412,564, makes Super Lawyers the first lawyer-rating service to receive this unique distinction. Super Lawyers is owned by Thomson Reuters. The abstract for the patent describes it as follows: The present invention provides for a system and method of identifying excellence within a profession. MORE
Lawyers, here are two easy-to-use plugins for WordPress that publish your star rating and reviews from Avvo.com directly to your website. Avvo Reviews Avvo Star Rating Filed under: misc. WiserBrand team activated it on my website FREE of charge. Please take a look! MORE
The defendants in a huge lawsuit concerning rampant corruption in the TV ratings business say the case belongs in India, not New York. read more. The Business THR, Esq. Television Business MORE
MTP had a chance to catch up to Blake Morgan and David Lowery for an interview about the CRB rates announced yesterday. MTP: How do you feel about the CRB decision in general as far as rates go? While I’m happy the Copyright Royalty Board raised Pandora’s non-subscription royalty rate by 21%, I can’t celebrate fully. The fact that webcasting rates were cut by 25% makes this mostly a wash, and flies in the face of basic respect for music makers. MORE
The legal research and information site Justia this week added peer-based lawyer ratings and reviews as part of the Justia Lawyer Directory. The new Justia Lawyer Rating and Reviews is based solely on attorney-to-attorney reviews and is intended to provide clients with valuable insights from peers and colleagues personally familiar with the lawyers’ work, Justia […]. MORE
According to StreetInsider , MIC Coalition member Pandora has returned to Planet Earth and closed licenses with ASCAP and BMI, ending years of rate court litigation by the highly litigious Pandora under the controversial Department of Justice consent decrees. MORE
Chris covered the new streaming mechanical rates that are expected to soon be in effect. 2012 Rate. Promotional Clips Increased from 30 to 90 seconds PRO Payments Actual or estimated All rates include PRO payments Total Content Cost … Read more… 795 more wordsReblogged from Four Nights of Music Rights: The following is from Chris’s presentation at the California Copyright Conference “Legal Eagles” Panel on 9/11/12 in Los Angeles. MORE
This week had some very important rate decisions by the Copyright Rate Board. For over a year, they have been hearing testimony about the statutory mechanical rate as well as the rate that subscription services should pay for publishing royalties. Both rate structures were announced this past week. Since 1909, there has been a set royalty rate the record companies had to pay publishers whenever a reproduction occurs (i.e., the same rate of 9.1¢. MORE
The problem with a pro-rata share of advertising revenue is that the fraction may well always trend downward and is dependent on the growth rate of the service involved. Not a lot of surprises but as we predicted when streaming numbers grow, the per stream rate will drop. MORE
The lawyer-rating site Avvo.com is taking on a whole new profession with its launch today of doctor ratings. As of today, Avvo is adding an entirely new section of its site that contains profiles and ratings of medical doctors from all 50 states. MORE
The Rate Courts Are Being Manipulated. If the government must insert itself into the songwriter’s business yet again, surely it need not do so through the current rate court system. Rate courts were intended to be a tribunal of last resort if the parties cannot reach a negotiated conclusion to a license. Indeed, that is how the rate courts operated most of the time until the Gang of Four came on the scene. The Rate Courts are Destroying Collective Licensing. MORE
The streaming outlet holds the line on what it pays for song performance rights. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Music Business THR Online MORE
It’s election season, and for the 60 days before any general election, broadcast stations are required to charge broadcasters the “lowest unit rate ” for comparable advertising time that runs on their stations. That means that, for each class of advertising time on any particular station, the candidate can only be charged the lowest rate at which any spots was sold to a commercial advertiser for that class of time during the particular period in which the candidate’s spots will run. MORE
Songwriters and music publishers will get a higher payout from on-demand subscription services like Spotify and Apple Music for the next five-year period. read more. THR, Esq. Music Business Billboard MORE
Two Harvard University undergraduates are preparing to launch a website that will rate lawyers based on publicly available court records. The post Startup Plans to Rate Lawyers Based on Court Records and Win-Loss Stats appeared first on Robert Ambrogi's LawSites. The site, called Legalist, will mine and analyze court records in order to match clients with lawyers who win similar cases based on details and location. It will also profile litigators’ win-loss records. MORE
For those stations serving states with off-year elections on November 7 (including governor’s races in New Jersey and Virginia and a host of state and local elections in other states), lowest unit rates go into effect on September 8. But if a station makes time available to one candidate in a race, it must treat all candidates for the same race equally by making time available to them, and starting on September 8, that time must be sold at lowest unit rates. MORE
Selbst has published The Journalism Ratings Board: An Incentive-Based Approach to Cable News Accountability at 44 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 467 (2011). Andrew D. Here is the abstract. The American establishment media is in crisis. With newsmakers MORE
When the lawyer-rating site Avvo was launched in 2007, some lawyers were so incensed at the idea of being rated that they filed a federal lawsuit to shut it down. A judge dismissed the lawsuit on the grounds that Avvo’s ratings were protected by the First Amendment, but even he called the idea of rating […]. The post Is ‘Dunwello’ the Next Big Lawyer-Rating Site? MORE
MTP: How do you feel about the CRB decision in general as far as rates go? . The rates went up marginally for Pandora, and that seems to be the lead in the press. But it looks like rates went down for other webcasters. How can an illegal contract be the basis for CRB rates? Does the CRB go back and reset rates? Multinational corporations contracting to bribe executives to get a lower per stream rate? MORE
Another obvious date that we omitted from the long list of September regulatory dates is the first day of the Lowest Unit Rate window for the November election. 45 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election, political candidates (whether Federal, state or local – see our post here ) can only be charged the lowest unit rate that any commercial advertiser is paying for advertising spots of the same class that are running during the same time period. MORE
With the new ruling, fractional licensing is allowed under the consent decree the performing-rights organization operates under. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Music Business Billboard MORE
The lawsuit seeks an injunction where no films featuring tobacco imagery can be given "G," "PG" or "PG-13" ratings. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Movies Business THR Online MORE
Researchers have published a study in Pediatrics suggesting that gun violence in MPAA films rated PG now exceeds that in films rated R, and has done so for some time. MORE
The Weinstein Company is getting that much desired "R" rating for its film "Blue Valentine." The MPAA Appeals Board has overturned the movie's intial NC-17 classification, ruling that its content (particularly one scene) was sexually graphic but not graphic enough MORE
In response to a class-action lawsuit, MPAA members raise the First Amendment flag and warn of forced R ratings for movies with soda and fatty foods. MORE
But, along with the royalties for commercial webcasters (we wrote about the proposed commercial rates here ), the current Copyright Royalty Board proceeding will also set the rates for noncommercial webcasters. There are other proposals for noncommercial rates that were submitted by other parties, and we talk about those below. . Setting rates for noncommercial webcasters is not easy. Thus, the noncommercial rates are often set as an afterthought. MORE
Deats has published Talk that Isn't Cheap: Does the First Amendment Protect Credit Rating Agencies' Faulty Methodologies from Regulation?, Caleb M. forthcoming in the Columbia Law Review. Here is the abstract. This Note argues that courts should reject the Southern MORE
Plaintiffs defend a lawsuit seeking an injunction where no films featuring tobacco imagery can be given "G," "PG" or "PG-13" ratings. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Movies Business THR Online MORE
In a huge new lawsuit, the business of TV ratings is fingered for rampant corruption by India's largest TV news network. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Television Business Nielsen Company International MORE
A service that just targets the television market and uses proprietary technology and data is alleged to violate a contract. read more. THR, Esq. Business Television Business THR Online MORE
The FCC this week launched an inquiry into whether the TV Parental Guidelines and the organization that oversees these ratings provide accurate information to viewers as to which TV programs are appropriate for children. For the V-Chip to work, programs have to be rated. The ratings that resulted are familiar to most TV viewers and range from TV-Y programming appropriate for all children to TV-MA , appropriate only for mature audiences. MORE
Whereas once there was a dearth of information about graduates’ employment rates, now there are any number of sources of rankings and other data. The post New Site Calculates and Compares Law School Hiring Rates appeared first on Robert Ambrogi's LawSites. MORE
Below is the Note abstract for Dr. Strange-rating or: How I Learned that the Motion Picture Association of America’s Film Rating System Constitutes False Advertising , coming to you soon in Volume 12, No. MORE
The US Court of Appeals today released a decision upholding the Copyright Royalty Board’s 2015 decision setting the SoundExchange royalty rates for 2016-2020. SoundExchange on appeal had attacked the CRB decision on several grounds – arguing that several defects led to an inappropriate decision as to the rates that would have been determined by a “willing buyer and willing seller” in a marketplace, the standard to be used by the CRB in setting rates. MORE
Law.com conducted a survey of lawyers’ billing rates. source) I gotta raise my rates… Filed under: law practice. Nationwide, partners averaged $661 per hour, returning to their 2009 average after a dip to $639 per hour in 2010. Average for associates last year was $445 per hour, up six bucks from the year before. law practice MORE
recoupment rate 20 questions for new artists For the last few weeks, we're going to post sections from the article "20 Questions for New Artists" by Chris Castle and Amy Mitchell some of which has been posted various places. If you are interested in getting a free copy of the basic article, write to semaphoreindustryquestions@gmail.com before February 15. This doesn't constitute legal advice, or any intent to form the attorney-client. MORE
The changes follow a drop in the morning show's ratings; it now trails the popular "Good Morning America" on From the New York Times: Discussion of the succession of Alexandra Wallace to responsibility for the Today show, replacing Jim Bell. MORE
In one of those year-end decisions that got lost in the holiday rush, in late November, the Copyright Royalty Board issued its final ruling on the rates to be paid to SoundExchange by “business establishment services” for the ephemeral copies of sound recordings when these music services transmit programming to their customers. While the rates paid by these services pay for music rights is a little off-topic for this blog, these rates are a bit unusual, so they are worth mentioning. MORE
The US Court of Appeals today released a decision upholding the Copyright Royalty Board’s 2015 decision setting the SoundExchange royalty rates for 2016-2020. SoundExchange on appeal had attacked the CRB decision on several grounds – arguing that several defects led to an inappropriate decision as to the rates that would have been determined by a “willing buyer and willing seller” in a marketplace, the standard to be used by the CRB in setting rates. MORE
The defendants in a huge lawsuit concerning rampant corruption in the TV ratings business say the case belongs in India, not New York. read more. The Business THR, Esq. Television Business MORE
Last week, the Copyright Royalty Board announced its calculations for whether there would be a cost of living increase in the 2019 rates that Internet radio stations pay to SoundExchange for the public performance of sound recordings. In its initial release on the subject, the CRB’s announcement indicated that commercial webcasters would continue to pay at the rate of $.0018 But that same notice indicated that the per performance rate would be $.0019 MORE
Ratings Related Topics THR, Esq. Entertainment & Media Law Blog
SEPTEMBER 22, 2017
A service that just targets the television market and uses proprietary technology and data is alleged to violate a contract. read more. THR, Esq. Business Television Business THR Online
THR, Esq. Entertainment & Media Law Blog
JULY 18, 2016
Plaintiffs defend a lawsuit seeking an injunction where no films featuring tobacco imagery can be given "G," "PG" or "PG-13" ratings. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Movies Business THR Online
THR, Esq. Entertainment & Media Law Blog
SEPTEMBER 16, 2016
MPAA members tell a judge that "PG," "PG-13" and other ratings don't represent seals of approval. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Movies Culture Business THR Online
THR, Esq. Entertainment & Media Law Blog
JULY 30, 2012
In a huge new lawsuit, the business of TV ratings is fingered for rampant corruption by India's largest TV news network. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Television Business Nielsen Company International
The Legal Satyricon
MARCH 5, 2012
Law.com conducted a survey of lawyers’ billing rates. source) I gotta raise my rates… Filed under: law practice. Nationwide, partners averaged $661 per hour, returning to their 2009 average after a dip to $639 per hour in 2010. Average for associates last year was $445 per hour, up six bucks from the year before. law practice
Media Law
NOVEMBER 1, 2010
The lawyer-rating site Avvo.com is taking on a whole new profession with its launch today of doctor ratings. As of today, Avvo is adding an entirely new section of its site that contains profiles and ratings of medical doctors from all 50 states.
Broadcast Law Blog
MARCH 1, 2019
The FCC this week launched an inquiry into whether the TV Parental Guidelines and the organization that oversees these ratings provide accurate information to viewers as to which TV programs are appropriate for children. For the V-Chip to work, programs have to be rated. The ratings that resulted are familiar to most TV viewers and range from TV-Y programming appropriate for all children to TV-MA , appropriate only for mature audiences.
THR, Esq. Entertainment & Media Law Blog
APRIL 29, 2016
In response to a class-action lawsuit, MPAA members raise the First Amendment flag and warn of forced R ratings for movies with soda and fatty foods.
The Legal Satyricon
MAY 29, 2017
Lawyers, here are two easy-to-use plugins for WordPress that publish your star rating and reviews from Avvo.com directly to your website. Avvo Reviews Avvo Star Rating Filed under: misc. WiserBrand team activated it on my website FREE of charge. Please take a look!
Media Law
APRIL 12, 2018
The legal research and information site Justia this week added peer-based lawyer ratings and reviews as part of the Justia Lawyer Directory. The new Justia Lawyer Rating and Reviews is based solely on attorney-to-attorney reviews and is intended to provide clients with valuable insights from peers and colleagues personally familiar with the lawyers’ work, Justia […].
Media Law Prof Blog
MAY 11, 2010
Deats has published Talk that Isn't Cheap: Does the First Amendment Protect Credit Rating Agencies' Faulty Methodologies from Regulation?, Caleb M. forthcoming in the Columbia Law Review. Here is the abstract. This Note argues that courts should reject the Southern
Broadcast Law Blog
SEPTEMBER 8, 2016
It’s election season, and for the 60 days before any general election, broadcast stations are required to charge broadcasters the “lowest unit rate ” for comparable advertising time that runs on their stations. That means that, for each class of advertising time on any particular station, the candidate can only be charged the lowest rate at which any spots was sold to a commercial advertiser for that class of time during the particular period in which the candidate’s spots will run.
Media Law
JULY 24, 2013
Whereas once there was a dearth of information about graduates’ employment rates, now there are any number of sources of rankings and other data. The post New Site Calculates and Compares Law School Hiring Rates appeared first on Robert Ambrogi's LawSites.
THR, Esq. Entertainment & Media Law Blog
JANUARY 29, 2018
Songwriters and music publishers will get a higher payout from on-demand subscription services like Spotify and Apple Music for the next five-year period. read more. THR, Esq. Music Business Billboard
Media Law
FEBRUARY 10, 2017
A recently launched company helps consumers find lawyers based on their win rates for particular types of cases. Called Justice Toolbox, the startup uses data mined from official state court records to compute and display how many cases a lawyer has won and lost and the lawyer’s approximate win rate. The post Justice Toolbox Lets People Pick Lawyers Based On Win Rates appeared first on Robert Ambrogi's LawSites.
Media Law Prof Blog
MARCH 21, 2011
Selbst has published The Journalism Ratings Board: An Incentive-Based Approach to Cable News Accountability at 44 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 467 (2011). Andrew D. Here is the abstract. The American establishment media is in crisis. With newsmakers
Music Technology Policy
DECEMBER 22, 2015
According to StreetInsider , MIC Coalition member Pandora has returned to Planet Earth and closed licenses with ASCAP and BMI, ending years of rate court litigation by the highly litigious Pandora under the controversial Department of Justice consent decrees.
Broadcast Law Blog
NOVEMBER 11, 2014
But, along with the royalties for commercial webcasters (we wrote about the proposed commercial rates here ), the current Copyright Royalty Board proceeding will also set the rates for noncommercial webcasters. There are other proposals for noncommercial rates that were submitted by other parties, and we talk about those below. . Setting rates for noncommercial webcasters is not easy. Thus, the noncommercial rates are often set as an afterthought.
Music Technology Policy
DECEMBER 21, 2015
MTP: How do you feel about the CRB decision in general as far as rates go? . The rates went up marginally for Pandora, and that seems to be the lead in the press. But it looks like rates went down for other webcasters. How can an illegal contract be the basis for CRB rates? Does the CRB go back and reset rates? Multinational corporations contracting to bribe executives to get a lower per stream rate?
THR, Esq. Entertainment & Media Law Blog
FEBRUARY 26, 2016
The lawsuit seeks an injunction where no films featuring tobacco imagery can be given "G," "PG" or "PG-13" ratings. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Movies Business THR Online
THR, Esq. Entertainment & Media Law Blog
SEPTEMBER 16, 2016
With the new ruling, fractional licensing is allowed under the consent decree the performing-rights organization operates under. read more. THR, Esq. The Business Music Business Billboard
Broadcast Law Blog
AUGUST 28, 2018
Another obvious date that we omitted from the long list of September regulatory dates is the first day of the Lowest Unit Rate window for the November election. 45 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election, political candidates (whether Federal, state or local – see our post here ) can only be charged the lowest unit rate that any commercial advertiser is paying for advertising spots of the same class that are running during the same time period.
Broadcast Law Blog
SEPTEMBER 18, 2018
The US Court of Appeals today released a decision upholding the Copyright Royalty Board’s 2015 decision setting the SoundExchange royalty rates for 2016-2020. SoundExchange on appeal had attacked the CRB decision on several grounds – arguing that several defects led to an inappropriate decision as to the rates that would have been determined by a “willing buyer and willing seller” in a marketplace, the standard to be used by the CRB in setting rates.
JetLawBlog
DECEMBER 9, 2009
Below is the Note abstract for Dr. Strange-rating or: How I Learned that the Motion Picture Association of America’s Film Rating System Constitutes False Advertising , coming to you soon in Volume 12, No.
Media Law
DECEMBER 1, 2014
When the lawyer-rating site Avvo was launched in 2007, some lawyers were so incensed at the idea of being rated that they filed a federal lawsuit to shut it down. A judge dismissed the lawsuit on the grounds that Avvo’s ratings were protected by the First Amendment, but even he called the idea of rating […]. The post Is ‘Dunwello’ the Next Big Lawyer-Rating Site?
Music Technology Policy
DECEMBER 17, 2015
MTP had a chance to catch up to Blake Morgan and David Lowery for an interview about the CRB rates announced yesterday. MTP: How do you feel about the CRB decision in general as far as rates go? While I’m happy the Copyright Royalty Board raised Pandora’s non-subscription royalty rate by 21%, I can’t celebrate fully. The fact that webcasting rates were cut by 25% makes this mostly a wash, and flies in the face of basic respect for music makers.
Music Technology Policy
MARCH 9, 2015
The Rate Courts Are Being Manipulated. If the government must insert itself into the songwriter’s business yet again, surely it need not do so through the current rate court system. Rate courts were intended to be a tribunal of last resort if the parties cannot reach a negotiated conclusion to a license. Indeed, that is how the rate courts operated most of the time until the Gang of Four came on the scene. The Rate Courts are Destroying Collective Licensing.
Media Law Prof Blog
NOVEMBER 17, 2013
Researchers have published a study in Pediatrics suggesting that gun violence in MPAA films rated PG now exceeds that in films rated R, and has done so for some time.
Media Law Prof Blog
DECEMBER 9, 2010
The Weinstein Company is getting that much desired "R" rating for its film "Blue Valentine." The MPAA Appeals Board has overturned the movie's intial NC-17 classification, ruling that its content (particularly one scene) was sexually graphic but not graphic enough
Broadcast Law Blog
JANUARY 11, 2019
In one of those year-end decisions that got lost in the holiday rush, in late November, the Copyright Royalty Board issued its final ruling on the rates to be paid to SoundExchange by “business establishment services” for the ephemeral copies of sound recordings when these music services transmit programming to their customers. While the rates paid by these services pay for music rights is a little off-topic for this blog, these rates are a bit unusual, so they are worth mentioning.
Music Technology Policy
JANUARY 18, 2017
The problem with a pro-rata share of advertising revenue is that the fraction may well always trend downward and is dependent on the growth rate of the service involved. Not a lot of surprises but as we predicted when streaming numbers grow, the per stream rate will drop.
Broadcast Law Blog
SEPTEMBER 18, 2018
The US Court of Appeals today released a decision upholding the Copyright Royalty Board’s 2015 decision setting the SoundExchange royalty rates for 2016-2020. SoundExchange on appeal had attacked the CRB decision on several grounds – arguing that several defects led to an inappropriate decision as to the rates that would have been determined by a “willing buyer and willing seller” in a marketplace, the standard to be used by the CRB in setting rates.
Media Law
APRIL 25, 2016
Two Harvard University undergraduates are preparing to launch a website that will rate lawyers based on publicly available court records. The post Startup Plans to Rate Lawyers Based on Court Records and Win-Loss Stats appeared first on Robert Ambrogi's LawSites. The site, called Legalist, will mine and analyze court records in order to match clients with lawyers who win similar cases based on details and location. It will also profile litigators’ win-loss records.
Music Technology Policy
FEBRUARY 13, 2010
recoupment rate 20 questions for new artists For the last few weeks, we're going to post sections from the article "20 Questions for New Artists" by Chris Castle and Amy Mitchell some of which has been posted various places. If you are interested in getting a free copy of the basic article, write to semaphoreindustryquestions@gmail.com before February 15. This doesn't constitute legal advice, or any intent to form the attorney-client.
THR, Esq. Entertainment & Media Law Blog
AUGUST 30, 2012
The defendants in a huge lawsuit concerning rampant corruption in the TV ratings business say the case belongs in India, not New York. read more. The Business THR, Esq. Television Business
THR, Esq. Entertainment & Media Law Blog
AUGUST 30, 2012
The defendants in a huge lawsuit concerning rampant corruption in the TV ratings business say the case belongs in India, not New York. read more. The Business THR, Esq. Television Business
Broadcast Law Blog
DECEMBER 10, 2018
Last week, the Copyright Royalty Board announced its calculations for whether there would be a cost of living increase in the 2019 rates that Internet radio stations pay to SoundExchange for the public performance of sound recordings. In its initial release on the subject, the CRB’s announcement indicated that commercial webcasters would continue to pay at the rate of $.0018 But that same notice indicated that the per performance rate would be $.0019
Music Technology Policy
SEPTEMBER 16, 2012
Chris covered the new streaming mechanical rates that are expected to soon be in effect. 2012 Rate. Promotional Clips Increased from 30 to 90 seconds PRO Payments Actual or estimated All rates include PRO payments Total Content Cost … Read more… 795 more wordsReblogged from Four Nights of Music Rights: The following is from Chris’s presentation at the California Copyright Conference “Legal Eagles” Panel on 9/11/12 in Los Angeles.
Media Law Prof Blog
NOVEMBER 13, 2012
The changes follow a drop in the morning show's ratings; it now trails the popular "Good Morning America" on From the New York Times: Discussion of the succession of Alexandra Wallace to responsibility for the Today show, replacing Jim Bell.
Media Law
APRIL 2, 2013
The lawyer-rating service Super Lawyers today won a U.S. patent on its system for rating excellence within the legal profession. The patent, which is number 8,412,564, makes Super Lawyers the first lawyer-rating service to receive this unique distinction. Super Lawyers is owned by Thomson Reuters. The abstract for the patent describes it as follows: The present invention provides for a system and method of identifying excellence within a profession.
Broadcast Law Blog
AUGUST 25, 2017
For those stations serving states with off-year elections on November 7 (including governor’s races in New Jersey and Virginia and a host of state and local elections in other states), lowest unit rates go into effect on September 8. But if a station makes time available to one candidate in a race, it must treat all candidates for the same race equally by making time available to them, and starting on September 8, that time must be sold at lowest unit rates.
The Digital Lowdown
OCTOBER 5, 2008
This week had some very important rate decisions by the Copyright Rate Board. For over a year, they have been hearing testimony about the statutory mechanical rate as well as the rate that subscription services should pay for publishing royalties. Both rate structures were announced this past week. Since 1909, there has been a set royalty rate the record companies had to pay publishers whenever a reproduction occurs (i.e., the same rate of 9.1¢.
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